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| Spanish-language Author |
Spanish-language authorThis is a list of Spanish language authors, organised by country.
Argentina
- Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986)
- Julio Cortázar (1914-1984)
- Manuel Puig (1932-1990)
- Ernesto Sabato (1911-)
- Luisa Valenzuela (1938-)
Chile
- Isabel Allende (1942-)
- María Luisa Bombal (1910-1980)
- Diamela Eltit (1949-)
- Luis Sepúlveda (1949-)
Colombia
- Gabriel García Márquez (1928-)
Cuba
- Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980)
- Guillermo Cabrera Infante
- José Lezama Lima (1910-1976)
- Pedro Juan Gutiérrez (1950- )
- Leonardo Padura Fuentes (born 1955)
Dominican Republic
- Samuel Nina Ortiz (1947-)
Ecuador
Guatemala
- Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974)
Mexico
- Rosario Castellanos (1925-1974)
- Ricardo Elizondo Elizondo (1950-)
- Laura Esquivel (1950-)
- Carlos Fuentes (1928-)
- Elena Garro (1894-1971)
- Jorge Ibarguengoitia (1928-1979)
- Angeles Mastretta (1949-)
- Octavio Paz (1914-1998)
- Elena Poniatowska (1932-)
- Juan Rulfo (1917-1986)
Nicaragua
Panama
- Guillermo Sánchez Borbón
- Ricardo Miró
- José María Sánchez
- Demetrio Herrera Sevillano
- Mario Augusto Rodríguez
- Enrique Jaramillo Levi
- José Luis Rodríguez Pittí
- Carlos Fong
- Javier Alvarado
- Melanie Taylor
- Darío Herrera
- José María Sánchez
- Carlos Oriel Wynter Melo
- Sofía Santim
- María Olimpia De Obaldía
- Elsie Alvarado de Ricord
Paraguay
- Augusto Roa Bastos (1917-2005)
Peru
- José María Arguedas (1911-1969)
- Mario Vargas Llosa (1936-)
- Alfredo Bryce Echenique (1939-)
Philippines
- Jose Rizal
- Claro M. Recto
Puerto Rico
- Luis López Nieves
- Luis Rafael Sánchez
Spain
- Agustín Díaz Pacheco (1953)
- Pedro Antonio de Alarcón (1833-1891)
- Leopoldo Alas (1852-1901)
- Vicente Aleixandre (1898-1984)
- Mateo Alemán (1547-1614)
- Joaquín Arderíus (1885-1969)
- Pío Baroja (1872-1956)
- Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (1836-1870)
- José María Blanco-White (1775-1841)
- Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867-1928)
- José Cadalso (1741-1782)
- Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600-1681)
- Rosalía de Castro (1837-1885)
- Luis Cernuda (1902-1963)
- Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
- San Juan de la Cruz (1542-1591)
- José de Espronceda (1808-1842)
- Fray Benito Jerónimo Feijoo (1676-1764)
- Federico García Lorca (1898-1936)
- Luis de Góngora (1561-1627)
- Baltasar Gracián (1601-1658)
- Fray Antonio de Guevara (1480-1545)
- Tomás de Iriarte (1750-1791)
- Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881-1958)
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744-1811)
- Mariano José de Larra (1809-1837)
- Íñigo López de Mendoza (1398-1458)
- Jorge Manrique (1440-1479)
- Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo (1856-1912)
- Emilia Pardo Bazán (1851-1921)
- Benito Pérez Galdós (1843-1920)
- Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1680)
- Juan Ruiz de Alarcón (1581-1639)
- Pedro Salinas (1892-1951)
- Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (1910-1999)
- Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)
- Juan Valera (1824-1905)
- Lope de Vega (1562-1635)
- María de Zayas (1590-1661)
United States of America
Uruguay
- Jorge Majfud (1969-)
- Mario Benedetti (1920-)
- Juan Carlos Onetti (1909-1994)
- Horacio Quiroga (1878-1937)
Venezuela
- Rómulo Gallegos
- Arturo Uslar Pietri
See also: List of Spanish language poets, List of authors
Spanish language
Category:Spanish literature
Spanish language:This article is about the international language known as Spanish or Castilian. For other languages spoken in Spain see Languages of Spain.
Spanish or Castilian (Spanish: español or castellano) is an Iberian Romance language, and the fourth most widely spoken language in the world according to some sources, while other sources list it as the second or third most spoken language. It is spoken as a first language by about 352 million people, or by 417 million including non-native speakers (according to 1999 estimates). Some assert that, after English, Spanish can now be considered the second most important language in the world (probably replacing even French), due to its increased usage in the United States, the high birth rate in most of the countries where it is official, the growing economies of the Spanish-speaking world, its enormous influence on the global music market, and simply due to the broad number of areas on the Earth's surface that the language is spoken in.
"Spanish" or "Castilian"
Spaniards tend to call this language español when contrasting it with languages of other states (for example: in a list with French and English), but call it castellano (Castilian, from the Castile region) when contrasting it with other languages of Spain (such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan). In some parts of Spain, mainly where the people speak Galician, Basque, and Catalan, it is considered offensive to call the language español, as that is what Francisco Franco called it during his reign. For the rest of the Spanish-speaking world, speakers of the language in some areas refer to it as español, and in others castellano is more common. Castellano is the name given to Spanish language in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Some philologists use Castilian only when speaking of the language spoken in Castile during the Middle Ages, stating that it is preferable to use Spanish for its modern form. Castilian can be also a subdialect of Spanish spoken in most parts of modern day Castile. It would have a series of characteristics and a specific pronunciation different to the one of Andalusia or Aragon for example, where they would speak different subdialects.
Classification and related languages
Spanish is a member of the Romance branch of Indo-European, descended largely from Latin and having much in common with its European geographical neighbors.
Spanish is related to several languages in terms of phonology, grammar and orthography. Of these, Portuguese is perhaps one of the most similar in terms of major languages. However, Spanish is also closely related to Catalan, Asturian, Galician and several other Romance languages. Spanish has fewer similarities with French and Italian but shares strong ties due to Latin roots.
Portuguese is orthographically similar in many ways to Spanish but it has a very distinctive phonology. A speaker of one of these languages may require some practice to effectively understand a speaker of the other (although generally it is easier for a Portuguese native speaker to understand Spanish than the other way around). Compare, for example:
:Ela fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar. (Portuguese)
:Ella cierra siempre la ventana antes de cenar. (Spanish)
Some less common phrasings and word choices have closer cognates in Spanish because Portuguese has managed to retain a much larger vocabulary, with stronger Latin heritage:
:Ela cerra sempre a janela antes de cear. (less common Portuguese)
(Which translates as "She always closes the window before having dinner.")
In some places, Spanish and Portuguese are spoken almost interchangeably. Portuguese speakers are generally able to read Spanish, and Spanish speakers are generally able to read Portuguese, even if they cannot understand the spoken language. In fact, the number of bilingual speakers in Brazil (where Portuguese is the official language) has greatly risen because nearly every nation bordering Brazil is Spanish speaking.
History
The Spanish language developed from vulgar Latin, with influence from Celtiberian, Basque and Arabic, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula (see Iberian Romance languages). Typical features of Spanish diachronical phonology include lenition (Latin vita, Spanish vida), palatalization (Latin annum, Spanish año) and diphthongation (stem-changing) of short e and o from Vulgar Latin (Latin terra, Spanish tierra; Latin novus, Spanish nuevo). Similar phenomena can be found in most other Romance languages as well.
During the Reconquista, this northern dialect was carried south, and indeed is still a minority language in northern Morocco.
The first Latin to Spanish dictionary (Gramática de la Lengua Castellana) was written in Salamanca, Spain, in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija. When Isabella of Castile was presented with the book, she asked, What do I want a work like this for, if I already know the language?, to which he replied, Ma'am, the language is the instrument of the Empire.
From the 16th century on, the language was brought to the Americas, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marianas, Palau and the Philippines by Spanish colonization.
In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced in Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara.
For details on borrowed words and other external influences in Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language.
Geographic distribution
Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations and the European Union. The majority of its speakers are confined to the Western Hemisphere, Europe and the Spanish territories in Africa (Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla).
With approximately 106 million first-language and second-language speakers, Mexico boasts the largest population of Spanish-speakers in the world. The four next largest populations reside in Colombia (44 million), Spain (c. 44 million), Argentina (39 million) and the United States of America (U.S. residents age 5 and older who speak Spanish at home number 31 million) [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=134303235020].
Spanish is the official and most important language in 20 countries: Argentina, Bolivia (co-official Quechua and Aymara), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea (co-official French), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official Guaraní), Peru (co-official Quechua and Aymara), Puerto Rico (co-official English), Spain (co-official Catalan/Valencian, Galician and Basque), Uruguay, Venezuela, and Western Sahara (co-official Arabic).
In Belize, Spanish holds no official recognition, however, it is the native tongue of about 50% of the population, and is spoken as a second language by another 20%. It is arguably the most important and widely-spoken on a popular level, but English remains the sole official language.
In the United States, Spanish is spoken by three-quarters of its 41.3 million Hispanic population. It is also being learned and spoken by a small, though slowly growing, proportion of its non-Hispanic population for its increasing use in business, commerce, and both domestic and international politics. Spanish does hold co-official status in the state of New Mexico, and in the unincorporated U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. See Spanish in the United States for further information.
In Brazil, Spanish has obtained an important status as a second language among young students and many skilled professionals. In recent years, with Brazil decreasing its reliance on trade with the USA and Europe and increasing trade and ties with its Spanish-speaking neighbours (especially as a member of the Mercosur trading bloc), much stress has been placed on bilingualism and Spanish proficiency in the country. On July 07 2005, the National Congress of Brazil gave final approval to a bill that makes Spanish a second language in the country’s public and private primary schools [http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=5996]. The close genetic relationship between the two languages, along with the fact that Spanish is the dominant and official language of almost every country that borders Brazil, adds to the popularity. Standard Spanish and Ladino (Judæo-Spanish spoken by Sephardic Jews) may also be spoken natively by some Spanish-descended Brazilians, immigrant workers from neighbouring Spanish-speaking countries and Brazilian Sephardim respectively, who have maintained it as their home language. Additionally, in Brazil's border states that have authority over their educational systems, Spanish has been taught for years. In many other border towns and villages (especially along the Uruguayo-Brazilian border) a mixed language commonly known as Portuñol is also spoken.
In European countries other than Spain and Andorra (where it holds no official status), it may be spoken by some of their Spanish-speaking immigrant communities, primarily in the Netherlands, Italy, France, Germany and the United Kingdom where there is a strong community in London. There has been a sharp increase in the popularity of Spanish in the UK over the last few years. It is spoken by much of the population of Gibraltar, though English remains the only official language. Yanito, an English-Spanish mixed language is also spoken.
Among the countries and territories in Oceania, Spanish is the seventh most spoken language in Australia. It is also spoken by the approximately 3,000 inhabitants of Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile. The island nations of Guam, Palau, Northern Marianas, Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia all once had Spanish speakers, but Spanish has long since been forgotten, and now only exists as an influence on the local native languages.
In Asia the Spanish language has long been in decline. Spanish ceased to be an official language of the Philippines in 1987, and it is now spoken by less than 0.01% of the population; 2,658 speakers (1990 Census). However, the sole existing Spanish-Asiatic creole language, Chabacano, is also spoken by an additional 0.4% of the Filipino population; 292,630 (1990 census). Most other Philippine languages contain generous quantities of Spanish loan words. Among other Asian countries, Spanish may also be spoken by pockets of ex-immigrant communities, such as Mexican-born ethnic Chinese deported to China or third and fourth generation ethnic Japanese Peruvians returning to their ancestral homeland of Japan.
Spanish is also spoken by segments of the populations in Aruba, Canada, Curaçao, Israel (both standard Spanish and Ladino), northern Morocco (both standard Spanish and Ladino), Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey (Ladino), and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
In Antarctica, the territorial claims and permanent bases made by Argentina, Chile, Peru and Spain also place Spanish as the official and working language of these enclaves.
Variations
There are important variations among the various regions of Spain and Spanish-speaking America. In Spain the North Castilian dialect pronunciation is commonly taken as the national standard (although the characteristic weak pronouns usage or laísmo of this dialect is deprecated).
Spanish has three second-person singular pronouns: tú, usted, and in some parts of Latin America, vos (the use of this form is called voseo). Generally speaking, tú and vos are informal and used with friends (though in Spain vos is considered a highly exalted archaism that is now confined to liturgy). Usted is universally regarded as the formal form, and is used as a mark of respect, as when addressing one's elders or strangers. The pronoun vosotros is the plural form of tú in most of Spain, although in the Americas (and some particular southern-Spain cities such as Cádiz) it is replaced with ustedes. It is remarkable that the informal use of ustedes in southern Spain does not keep the proper pronoun-verb agreement: while the formal form of "you go" would be ustedes van, in Cádiz the informal form would be constructed as ustedes vais, making use of the second person of the plural instead of the third (which constitutes the formal construction).
Vos is used extensively as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular pronoun in various countries around Latin America, including Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Uruguay. In Argentina, Uruguay, and increasingly in Paraguay, is it also the standard form used in the media, whereas media in other voseante countries continue to use usted or tú. Vos may also be present in other countries as a limited regionalism. Its use, depending on country and region, can be considered the accepted standard or reproached as sub-standard and considered as speech of the ignorant and uneducated. The interpersonal situations in which the employment of vos is acceptable may also differ considerably between regions.
Spanish forms also differ regarding second-person plural pronouns. The Spanish dialects of Latin America have only one form of the second-person plural; ustedes (formal/familiar). Meanwhile, in Spain there are two; ustedes (formal) and vosotros (familiar/informal).
The RAE (Real Academia Española), in association with twenty-one other national language academies, exercises a controlling influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar guides and style guides. In part due to this influence, and also because of other socio-historical reasons, a neutral standardized form of the language (Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.
Grammar
Spanish is a relatively inflected language, with a two-gender system and about fifty conjugated forms per verb, but small noun declension and limited pronominal declension. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs.)
As for syntax, the unmarked sentence word order is Subject Verb Object, though variations are common. Spanish is right-branching, using prepositions, and with adjectives generally coming after nouns.
Spanish is also pro-drop (allows the deletion of pronouns when pragmatically unnecessary) and verb-framed.
Sounds
The consonantal system of Castilian Spanish, by the 16th century, underwent the following important changes that differentiated it from some nearby Romance languages, such as Portuguese and Catalan:
- The initial , that had evolved into a vacillating , was lost in most words (although this etymological h- has been preserved in spelling).
- The voiced labiodental fricative (that was written u or v) merged with the bilabial oclusive (written b). Orthographically, b and v do not correspond to different phonemes in contemporary Spanish, excepting some areas in Spain, particularly the ones influenced by Catalan/Valencian and some Andalusia.
- The voiced alveolar fricative (that was written s between vowels) merged with the voiceless (that was written s, or ss between vowels).
- The voiced alveolar affricate (that was written z) merged with the voiceless (that was written ç, ce, ci), and then evolved into the interdental , now written z, ce, ci. But in Andalucia, the Canary Islands and the Americas these sounds merged with as well. Notice that the ç or c with cedilla was in its origin a Spanish letter, although is no longer used.
- The voiced postalveolar fricative (that was written j, ge, gi) merged with the voiceless (that was written x, as in Quixote), and then evolved by the 17th century into the modern velar sound , now written j, ge, gi.
The consonantal system of Medieval Spanish has been better preserved in Ladino, the language spoken by the descendants of the Sephardic Jews who were expelled from Spain in the 15th century.
Lexical stress
Spanish has a phonemic stress system — the place where stress will fall cannot be predicted by other features of the word, and two words can differ by just a change in stress. For example, the word camino (with penultimate stress) means "road" or "I walk" whereas caminó (with final stress) means "he/she/it walked". Also, since Spanish pronounces all syllables at a more or less constant tempo, it is said to be a syllable-timed language.
Writing system
The pronunciation of any Spanish word can be perfectly predicted from its written form.
Spanish is written using the Latin alphabet, with the addition of ñ (eñe). Ch and ll also have their own places in the alphabet (a, b, c, ch, d, ..., l, ll, m, n, ñ, ...). Since 1990, however, words containing the letters ch and ll have been alphabetized as though spelled with the separate letters c - h and l - l.
The letter u sometimes carries diaeresis (ü) after the letter g, and the stressed vowel carries an acute accent (á) in many words.
Exclamatory and interrogative clauses begin with inverted question and exclamation marks.
Examples of Spanish
Note, the third column uses the International Phonetic Alphabet, the standard for linguists, to transcribe the sounds. There are several examples of travellers' vocabulary and one literary reference.
You can listen to these words being read out. Both the transcription and the recording represent standard Castilian pronunciation.
El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (opening sentence).
See also
- Real Academia Española
- Common phrases in Spanish
- List of English words of Spanish origin
- Names given to the Spanish language
- Spanish proverbs
- Spanish language poets
- Spanish Creole
- Portuñol
- Papiamento, Chavacano language, Spanglish, Yanito, Palenquero
- Rock en español
- Latin Union
- Islenos
Local varieties
- Argentine Spanish
- Colombian Spanish
- Cuban Spanish
- Mexican Spanish
- Panamanian Spanish
- Puerto Rican Spanish
- Rioplatense Spanish
- Spanish in the United States
- Spanish in the Philippines
- Venezuelan Spanish
- Central American Spanish
External links
About the Spanish language
-
- [http://www.rae.es Official page of the RAE] (in Spanish)
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa Ethnologue report for Spanish]
- [http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/i.e.mackenzie/index.html Spanish Language & Linguistics Website]
- [http://assets.cambridge.org/0521805872/sample/0521805872WS.pdf PDF: A history of the Spanish language]
- [http://www.sispain.org/english/language/worldwid.html Numbers of speakers by countries]
- [http://www.vistawide.com/spanish/why_spanish.htm Why learn Spanish?] 10 reasons for learning Spanish
- [http://spanish.about.com Spanish Language] Collection of lessons and other resources
- [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/2444/splatin.html Spanish evolution from Latin]
- [http://www.trustedtranslations.com/spanish_language.asp Spanish Language Characteristics] Some characteristics of Spanish Language
Dictionaries
- [http://buscon.rae.es/diccionario/drae.htm DRAE, Dictionary of the RAE] (Spanish-spanish)
- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Spanish-english/ Spanish — English Dictionary]: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.
- [http://www.diccionarios.com Diccionarios.com]
- [http://www.my-spanish-dictionary.com/ An English-Spanish Dictionary]
- [http://www.tododiccionarios.com/ Tododiccionarios.com] a directory of reference works in English or Spanish, classified by subject, with several thousand links.
- [http://spanishdict.com/ Spanishdict.com] Another Spanish-English dictionary.
- [http://wordreference.com/ Wordreference.com] Comprehensive Spanish-English-Spanish dictionary.
- [http://www.tomisimo.org/ Tomísimo.org] A Spanish-English dictionary.
Grammatical help
- [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Spanish Spanish grammar Wikibook]
- [http://www.studyspanish.com/tutorial.htm Spanish Grammar Tutorial - with quizzes, tests, and oral activities]
- [http://tchaidze.com/spangram/tenses.html#correspondence Usage of Tenses]
- [http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/accents.htm Use of written accent marks in Spanish]
- [http://verbs.obrist.org Spanish Verb Forms] — Search and conjugate Spanish verbs.
- [http://www.helloworld.com.es/english/quick%20reference/grammar.htm Grammar and more] Examples, Uses, Explanations of Grammar Points and a Free Personal Spanish Verb Conjugator
Tutorials
- [http://www.declan-software.com/spanish Spanish vocabulary learning software with audio]
- [http://spanish.mypage.org Spanish for beginners and travelers]
- [http://learno.com/spanish/index.html Free Learno.com online Spanish tutorial]
- [http://www.listenandlearn.org Practice Spanish Online with Audio Stories]
- [http://www.studyspanish.com/ StudySpanish.com] Popular website for beginners
- [http://www.angelfire.com/ego/pdf/ng/argentina/arsp.html Rioplatense Spanish] Spanish from the River Plate basin
- [http://www.spanish-kit.net Spanish-kit.net] Free Downloadable Spanish grammars, and vocabulary learning tools.
- [http://www.fridaspanish.com Fridaspanish.com Learn Spanish] Mexican Spanish
- [http://www.ielanguages.com/spanish.html Free Spanish Language Tutorial at ielanguages.com]
- [http://www.quiz-tree.com/Spanish_Language_main.html Free Spanish quizzes with audio by a native speaker]
- [http://www.spanicity.com/ SpaniCity] Free Spanish lessons, sounds, grammar and dictionary
- [http://www.loecsen.com/travel/discover_pop.php?lang=en&to_lang=14&learn-Spanish/ Learn and listen to useful expressions in Spanish] Each expression is presented with an audio recording and an illustration
- Spanish phrasebook on Wikitravel
Resources
- [http://www.spanishblogger.com Spanish Blogs & Weblog Directory]
-
Category:Languages of Spain
Category:Languages of Argentina
Category:Languages of Belize
Category:Languages of Bolivia
Category:Languages of Chile
Category:Languages of Colombia
Category:Languages of Costa Rica
Category:Languages of Ecuador
Category:Languages of El Salvador
Category:Languages of Guatemala
Category:Languages of Honduras
Category:Languages of Mexico
Category:Languages of Nicaragua
Category:Languages of Panama
Category:Languages of Paraguay
Category:Languages of Peru
Category:Languages of Uruguay
Category:Languages of Venezuela
ja:スペイン語
ko:에스파냐어
simple:Spanish language
th:ภาษาสเปน
Author
An author is the person who creates a written work, such as a book, story, article or the like. This can be short or long, fiction or nonfiction, poetry or prose, technical or literature. In particular, the word is used to refer to a person doing it for pay (as a profession).
Role in critical theory
One key issue in literary theory is the relationship between the meaning of a literary text and its author's conscious intent.
- The phrase "Death of the Author" was popularized by Roland Barthes in his 1968 essay with the same name. It is used to convey the idea that texts have meaning and an independent existence outside that intended by the author, depending on the context and reader.
- The death of the author is in self-conscious opposition to the New Criticism, a literary critical movement popular in England and America in the first half of the 20th century. According to this movement, the author's intent is assumed to be quite clear to the author and it becomes the critic's task to understand this intent.
See also
- novelist
- writer
- Lists of authors
- List of novelists
Category:Media occupations
Category:Literary criticism
ja:作家
Julio CortázarJulio Cortázar (August 26, 1914 – February 12, 1984) was an Argentine intellectual and author of several experimental novels and many short stories.
Biography
Julio Cortázar (sometimes called "Grandisimo Cronopio" in reference to a genus of fantastic creatures he created) was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1914, to Argentine parents. When he was four years old, his family returned to Buenos Aires to a section of town called Banfield. After completing his studies at the University of Buenos Aires, he became a professor of French literature at the University of Cuyo, Mendoza, in the middle 1940s.
In 1951, in opposition to the Perón regime, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived until his death. From 1952 he worked for UNESCO as a translator. His translation projects included Spanish renderings of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and the stories of Edgar Allan Poe, and it is commonly noted that Poe's influence is recognizable in his work.
In his later years he underwent a political transformation, becoming actively engaged with leftist causes in Latin America, and openly supporting the Cuban Revolution and the Sandinista government in Nicaragua.
He was married three times, to Aurora Bernárdez (in 1953), Ugné Karvelis and Carol Dunlop.
Julio Cortázar died of leukemia in Paris in 1984 and was interred there in the Cimetière du Montparnasse. It has recently been suggested that AIDS (contracted through a blood transfusion before this disease was identified and given a name) may have been the cause of his death.
Notable works
Although Cortázar is best known as a masterly writer of short stories within the so-called fantastic genre, with Bestiario (1951) and Final de Juego (1956) (published as 'End of Game and Other Stories' in English) amongst the best, he also published several novels such as: The Winners (1965), Hopscotch (1966, English edition) and A Manual for Manuel (1978).
Cortázar's masterpiece, Hopscotch, is a dazzling literary experiment that ranks amongst the best novels written in Spanish in the past century, widely admired by contemporary Latin American writers such as Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa or José Lezama Lima. The novel, which loosely recounts the story of Argentine intellectual Horacio Oliveira's exile in Paris and that of his return to Buenos Aires, has an open-ended structure that invites the reader to choose between a linear reading or a non-linear one (alternating chapters from two different sections). Cortázar's use of the interior monologue, punning, slang, and his use of different languages is redolent of Modernist writers like Joyce, although his main influences were Surrealism and the French New Novel.
Cortázar's strengths as an author reside in his delightful and irreverent sense of humour, his impressive technical skills, his poetical and innovative use of language, and his carefully balanced deployment of the uncanny in his short fiction.
Although his poetic and dramatic production is considered to be of inferior quality compared to his prose he also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction .
Michelangelo Antonioni's film Blow-Up is based on a short story by Cortázar entitled Las Babas del Diablo and translated as Blow-Up in English, this story is to be found in Blow-Up and Other Stories.
Works
- Los Reyes (1949)
- Bestiario (1951)
- Final de Juego (1956)
- Las armas secretas
- Los premios (The Winners)
- Historias de cronopios y de famas
- Rayuela (Hopscotch) (1963)
- Todos los fuegos el fuego(1966)
- La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos (1967)
- 62, modelo para armar (1968)
- Último round (1969)
- La prosa del Observatorio (1972)
- Libro de Manuel (1973)
- Octaedro (1974)
- Alguien anda por ahí (1977)
- Territorios (1978)
- Un tal Lucas (1979)
- Lucas, sus pudores
- Queremos tanto a Glenda (1980)
- Deshoras (1982)
- Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce (1983)
- Divertimento (1986)
- El Examen (1986)
- Diario de Andrés Fava (1995)
- Adiós Robinson(1995)
See also
- Cronopio
- Jorge Luis Borges
- Juan Rulfo
- Magical Realism
External link
- [http://www.geocities.com/juliocortazar_arg/ El perseguidor (spanish)]
- [http://espanol.geocities.com/rayuel_o_matic/ Rayuel-o-matic (spanish)]
- [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9529/ París en Rayuela (spanish)]
- [http://www.clubcultura.com/clubliteratura/clubescritores/cortazar/ Sitio en Clubcultura (spanish)]
- [http://www.juliocortazar.com.ar/ El sitio de Bruno Szister(spanish)]
- [http://www.cortazartextual.com.ar/ Cortazar textual (spanish)]
- [http://www.iespana.es/pereweb/julio.htm La página de los enlaces a Julio Cortazar (spanish)]
- [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6447 Find-A-Grave profile for Julio Cortázar]
Cortázar
Cortázar
Cortázar
Manuel Puig
Manuel Puig (General Villegas, December 28, 1932 - Cuernavaca, July 22, 1990) was an Argentinian author. Among his best known novels are La traición de Rita Hayworth (1968) (Betrayed by Rita Hayworth), Boquitas pintadas (1973) (Heartbreak Tango), and El beso de la mujer araña (1976) Kiss of the Spider Woman, which was made into a film by the Argentine-Brazilian Director, Héctor Babenco and later turned into a Broadway musical.
He was born in General Villegas (in Buenos Aires province). After graduating from Universidad de Buenos Aires with a degree in philosophy, he began working as a film archivist and editor in Buenos Aires, then in Italy as a result of winning a scholarship from the Italian Institute of Buenos Aires. Puig's dream was to become a screenwriter, to write TV shows and movies. This never took off. In the 1960s he moved back to Buenos Aires, where he penned his first major novel, "La Traicion de Rita Hayworth". Being of leftist tendencies, and seeing an oncoming rightist wave in Latin America, Puig moved to New York, where he wrote his later works (including El beso de la mujer araña).
El beso is the story of two prisoners, Molina and Valentín, and their relationship in prison. Molina, an openly homosexual window-dresser, is in jail for "corruption of a minor," while Valentín is a political prisoner who is part of a revolutionary group trying to bring down the government. The two men, seemingly opposites in every way, form an intimate bond in their cell, and their relationship changes both of them in profound ways. The novel's form is unusual, considering that there is no traditional narrative voice, one of the primary features of fiction. It is written in pure dialogue form, without any indication of who is speaking, except for a dash (-) to show a change of speaker. Due to the absence of an "authoritative" narrator, the reader is required to participate more actively in the interpretation of the story and, therefore, becomes part of the telling of the tale. In addition to the conversations of the prisoners, there are other "artefacts" in the novel that help tell the story. For example, the author includes official reports as well as a long series of footnotes on the psychoanalytic theory of homosexuality.
Puig lived in exile throughout most of his life. In 1989 Puig moved to Cuernavaca (Mexico), where he died in 1990.
See also
- Foreign-born artists in Mexico
Works
Novels
- La traición de Rita Hayworth [1968] (Betrayed by Rita Hayworth)
- Boquitas Pintadas [1973] (Heartbreak Tango)
- The Buenos Aires Affair [1973]
- El beso de la mujer araña [1976] (Kiss of the Spiderwoman)
- Pubis angelical [1979]
- Maldición eterna a quien lea estas páginas [1980] (Eternal Curse on the Reader of These Pages)
- Sangre de amor correspondido [1982] (Blood of Unrequited Love)
- Cae la noche tropical [1988] (Tropical Night Falling)
Plays and screenplays
- Bajo un manto de estrellas [1983] (Under a Mantle of Stars)
- El beso de la mujer araña [1983] (Kiss of the Spiderwoman)
- La cara del villano | Recuerdo de Tijuana [1985]
- Vivaldi: A Screenplay [1991] (in Review of Contemporary Fiction №3)
- El misterio del ramo de rosas [1997] (Mystery of the Rose Bouquet)
- La tajada; Gardel, uma lembranca [1997]
Puig, Manuel
Puig, Manuel
Puig, Manuel
Puig, Manuel
Luisa ValenzuelaLuisa Valenzuela (b. November 26, 1938, in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a novelist and short story writer. She is a writer of magical realism, a popular theme in Latin American literature.
Novels
- Clara (1966)
- El Gato eficaz (1972)
- He Who Searches (1977)
- The Lizard's Tail (1983)
- Black Novel (with Argentines) (1990)
- Bedside Manners (1995)
Valenzuela, Luisa
Luis SepúlvedaLuis Sepúlveda (b. October 4, 1949) is a Chilean writer, film director, journalist and political activist.
Life
Luis Sepúlveda was born in Ovalle in Chile in 1949.
After secondary school in Santiago, he studied theatre production at the National University.
In 1969, Sepúlveda was given a five-year scholarship to continue his drama studies at the Moscow University,
but it was withdrawn after five months on account of 'misconduct' (he made friends with some dissidents, and had to go back to Chile).
Luis Sepúlveda was politically active first as a leader of the student movement and in the Salvador Allende administration in the department of cultural affairs where he was in charge of a series of cheap editions of classics for the general public. He also acted as a mediator between the government and Chilean companies.
After the Chilean coup of 1973 which brought to power General Augusto Pinochet he was jailed for two-and-a-half years and then obtained a conditional release through the efforts of the German branch of Amnesty International and kept under house arrest.
He managed to escape and went underground for nearly a year. With the help of a friend who was head of the Alliance Française in Valparaíso
he set up a drama group the became the first cultural focus of resistance. He was rearrested and given a life sentence (later reduced to twenty-eight years) for treason and subversion.
The German section of Amnesty International intervened again and his prison sentence was commuted to eight years of exile and in 1977 he left Chile to fly to Sweden where he was supposed to teach Spanish literature. At the first stopover in Buenos Aires he escaped and managed to go to Uruguay but since many of his Uruguayan and Argentinean friends were dead or in prison because of the respective dictatorships he went first to São Paulo in Brazil and then to Paraguay. He had to leave again because of the local regime and finally settled in Quito in Ecuador guest of his friend Jorge Enrique Adoum. He directed the Alliance Française theatre, founded a theatrical company and took part in a UNESCO expedition to asses the impact of colonization on the Shuar Indians.
During the expedition he shared the life of the Shuars for seven months and came to an understanding of Latin America as a multicultural and multilingual continent where the Marxism-Leninism he was taught was not applicable to a rural population that was dependent on its surrounding natural environment. He worked in close contact with Indian organizations and drafted the first literacy teaching plan for the Ibambura peasants' federation, in the Andes.
In 1979 he joined the Simón Bolívar international brigade which was fighting in Nicaragua and after the victory of the revolution he started working as a journalist and one year later he left for Europe.
He went to Hamburg in Germany because of his admiration of German literature (he learnt the language in prison) especially the romantics as Novalis and Holderlin and worked there as journalist traveling widely in Latin America and Africa.
In 1982 he came in contact with Greenpeace and worked until 1987 as a crewmember on one of their ships. He later acted as co-ordinator between various branches of the organization.
Bibliography
- Historia de una gaviota y del gato que le enseñó a volar, 1966 (The Story of a Seagull and the Cat Who Taught Her to Fly)
- Cronica de Pedro Nadie, 1969 (Chronicle of Pedro Nobody)
- Los miedos, las vidas, las muertes y otras alucinationes, 1986 (Fear, Life, Death, and other Hallucinations)
- Cuaderno de viaje, 1987 (Travel Log)
- Mundo del fin del mundo, 1989 (The World at the End of the World)
- Un viejo que leía novelas de amor, 1989 (The Old Man Who Read Love Stories)
- La frontera extraviada, 1994 (The Lost Frontier)
- Nombre de torero, 1994 (The Name of a Bullfighter)
- Al andar se bace el camino se bace el camino al andar, 1995 (Patagonia Express)
- Desencuentros, 1997
- Historias marginales, 2000
- Hot line, 2002
- Cuaderno de viaje
- Diario de un killer sentimental seguido de Yacaré
- Komplot: Primera parte de una antologia irresponsable
Filmography
- Vivir a los 17, 1986 director and writer
- Tierra del fuego, 2000 screenplay
- Nowhere, 2002 director and writer
- Corazón verde, 2002 writer
Sepúlveda, Luis
Sepúlveda, Luis
Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel José García Márquez (born March 6, 1928) is a Colombian novelist, journalist, publisher, and political activist. Born in the town of Aracataca in the department of Magdalena, he has lived mostly in Mexico and Europe and he currently spends all of his time in Mexico City.
García Márquez is often considered the most famous writer of magic realism, and much of his writing has elements strongly associated with the style, but his writing is too diverse to be easily categorized as a whole.
García Márquez got his start as a reporter for the Bogotá daily El Espectador, and later worked as a foreign correspondent in Rome, Paris, Barcelona, Caracas, and New York City.
His first major work was The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (Relato de un náufrago), which he wrote as a newspaper series in 1955. The book told the inglorious true story of a shipwreck that had been glorified by the government. This resulted in the beginning of his foreign correspondence, as it was unsafe for him to remain in Colombia because he had publically discredited the propaganda of the government. It was later published in 1970 and taken by many to have been a novel.
Several of his works have been classified as both fiction and non-fiction, notably Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada) (1981), which tells the tale of revenge killing recorded in the newspapers, and Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera) (1985), which tells the story of his parents' courtship. In addition, many of his works, including those two, take place in the "García Márquez universe", with characters, events, and locations appearing from book to book.
His most famous novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad) (1967; English translation by Gregory Rabassa 1970), has sold more than ten million copies. It depicts the life of an isolated South American village where strange occurrences are portrayed as commonplace. It certainly has elements of the magically real, but it is much more than that, being also a philosophical reflection on the nature of time and isolation. Some critics say that it is lacking the folkloric content which is a prerequisite of magic realism, so it cannot be classified as such. However, not everything strange and unexplained is folkloric; some of it is simply life. It should be noted that the novel should not only be recognized for its innovative use of magical realism but also for its beautiful use of the Spanish language. Often overlooked in the discussion of the book is the mere fact that it is truly an epic piece of writing spanning decades in the life of a complex and large family.
García Márquez won the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1972 for One Hundred Years of Solitude. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1982, with his short stories and novels cited as the basis for the award.[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1982/]
In 2000, his death was incorrectly reported by Peruvian daily newspaper La Republica.
In 2002, he published the memoir Vivir para contarla, the first volume of a projected three-volume autobiography. The book was a bestseller in the Spanish-speaking world. Edith Grossman's English translation, Living to Tell the Tale, was published in November 2003 and has become another bestseller. On September 10, 2004, the Bogotá daily El Tiempo announced a new novel, Memoria de mis putas tristes, a love story that was published the following October with a first print run of one million copies.
García Márquez is also noted for his friendship with and enthusiasm for Fidel Castro and has previously expressed sympathy for some Latin American revolutionary groups, especially during the 1960s and 1970s. He has also been critical of the situation in Colombia. Despite accusations made by members of the Colombian government in those earlier decades, there is no evidence that he has openly supported guerrilla groups such as the FARC and ELN that operate in his own country. After the early 1980s, García Márquez has occasionally participated as a low profile facilitator, usually in a role that he has sometimes simultaneously shared with Fidel Castro, in several of the different negotiation attempts between the government and the guerrillas.
He is the father of television and film director Rodrigo Garcia.
Bibliography
- 1947 – Eyes of a Blue Dog (Ojos de perro azul)
- 1955 – Leaf Storm (La hojarasca)
- 1961 – No One Writes to the Colonel (El coronel no tiene quien le escriba)
- 1962 – Big Mama's Funeral (Los funerales de la Mamá Grande)
- 1962 – In Evil Hour (La mala hora)
- 1967 – One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad)
- 1970 – The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (Relato de un náufrago)
- 1975 – The Autumn of the Patriarch (El otoño del patriarca)
- 1978 – The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and her Heartless Grandmother (La increíble y triste historia de la cándida Eréndira y de su abuela desalmada)
- 1981 – Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada)
- 1985 – Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera)
- 1989 – The General in his Labyrinth (El general en su laberinto)
- 1992 – Strange Pilgrims (Doce cuentos peregrinos)
- 1994 – Of Love and Other Demons (Del amor y otros demonios)
- 1996 – News of a Kidnapping (Noticia de un secuestro)
- 2002 – Living to Tell the Tale (Vivir para contarla)
- 2004 – Memories of My Melancholy Whores (Memoria de mis putas tristes)
External link
- [http://www.themodernword.com/gabo/ Gabriel García Márquez pages]
- [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1982/ Nobel hub]
- [http://he.shvoong.com/books/autobiography/57058-living-tell-tale/ Summary of "Living to Tell the Tale"]
Garcia Marquez, Gabriel
Garcia Marquez, Gabriel
Garcia Marquez, Gabriel
Garcia Marquez, Gabriel
Garcia Marquez, Gabriel
Category:ISBN needed
ko:가브리엘 가르시아 마르케스
ja:ガブリエル・ガルシア＝マルケス
Guillermo Cabrera InfanteGuillermo Cabrera Infante (April 22, 1929 – February 21, 2005) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, translator, and critic; in the 1950s he used the pseudonym G. Caín.
A one-time supporter of the Castro regime, Cabrera Infante went into exile to London in 1965. He is best known for the novel Tres Tristes Tigres (published in English as Three Trapped Tigers), which has been compared favorably to James Joyce's Ulysses.
Life
Born in Gibara in Cuba's former Oriente Province (now part of Holguín Province), in 1941 he moved with his parents, to Havana, which would be the setting of nearly all of his writings other than his critical works. His parents were founding members of the Cuban Communist Party.
Originally he intended to become a physician, but abandoned that in favor of writing and his passion for the cinema. Starting in 1950, he studied journalism at he University of Havana.
In 1951 he founded the Cinemateca de Cuba, of which he remained director until its closure was ordered by Fulgencio Batista in 1956. Under the Batista regime he was arrested and fined in 1952 for publishing a short story which included several English-language profanities. His opposition to Batista later cost him a short jail term.
He married for the first time in 1953. From 1954 to 1960 he wrote film reviews for the magazine Carteles, using the pseudonym G. Caín; he became its editor in chief, still pseudonymously, in 1957. With the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 he was named director of the Instituto del Cine. He was also head of the literary magazine Lunes de Revolución, a supplement to the Communist newspaper Revolución; however, this supplement was prohibited in 1961 by Fidel Castro.
He divorced and remarried in 1961 to his second wife, Miriam, an actress. Having fallen somewhat, but not totally, out of favor with the Castro regime (the government's ban on a documentary on Havana nightlife made by his brother led to him being forbidden to publish in Cuba), he served from 1962 to 1965 in Brussels, Belgium as a cultural attaché. During this time, his sentiments turned against the Castro regime; after returning to Cuba for his mother's funeral in 1965, he exiled himself, first to Madrid and then to London.
In 1966 he published Tres tristes tigres, a highly experimental, Joycean novel, playful and rich in literary allusions, which also intended to do for Cuban Spanish what Mark Twain had done for American English, recording the great variety of its colloquial variations.
Although he is considered a part of the famed Latin American "Boom" generation of writers that includes his contemporary Gabriel García Márquez, he disdained the label. Always the iconoclast, he even rejected the label "novel" for his masterpieces, such as "Tres Tristes Tigres" and "La Habana para un infante difunto."
In 1997 he received the Premio Cervantes, which was given to him by Spain's King Juan Carlos.
He died February 21, 2005 in London, of septicemia. He had two daughters by his first marriage.
Works
- Así en la paz como en la guerra (1960, "So in peace as in war")
- Twentieth Century Job (1963, film reviews)
- Vista del amanecer en el trópico (1964, novel, published in English as "A View of Dawn in the Tropics")
- Tres Tristes Tigres (1967, novel, published in English as Three Trapped Tigers; the original title refers to a Spanish-language tongue-twister, and literally means "Three Sad Tigers"); portions of this were later republished as Ella cantaba boleros
- Exorcismos de esti(l)o (1976, novel, "Exorcisms of style"; estilo means style and estío, summertime)
- La Habana para un Infante Difunto (1979, memoir, published in English as Infante's Inferno; the Spanish title is a pun on "Pavane pour une infante defunte", title of a piano piece by Maurice Ravel)
- Holy Smoke, 1985 (in English, later translated into Spanish as Puro Humo)
- Cine o sardina (1997, "Cinema or sardine")
- Vidas para leerlas (1998, essays, "Lives to be read")
- Arcadia todas las noches ("Arcadia every night")
- Mea Cuba (1991, political essays, the title means "Piss Cuba" and is a pun on "Mea Culpa")
- Infantería (title is a pun on his name and the Spanish for "infantry")
Cabrera Infante also translated James Joyce's Dubliners into Spanish (1972) and wrote screenplays, including the adaptation of Malcolm Lowry's Under the Volcano.
References
- [http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/cabrera.htm Guillermo Cabrera Infante] (in Spanish, part of Biografías y Vidas). Retrieved February 22 2005.
- [http://www.portal-local.com/occu_cer_cabr_vid.asp Guillermo Cabrera Infante] (in Spanish, from a site about the Premio Cervantes). Retrieved February 22 2005.
- [http://www.literaturacubana.com/detalleAutor.asp?ida=135 Guillermo Cabrera Infante] (in Spanish, from LiteraturaCubana.com). Retrieved February 22 2005.
- [http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1420211,00.html "Cuban-born novelist Guillermo Cabrera Infante dies"], Associated Press obituary, on the site of The Guardian. Retrieved February 22 2005.
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo
Pedro Juan GutiérrezPedro Juan Gutiérrez (b. 1950 in Matanzas) is a Cuban journalist, writer and artist.
Gutiérrez began to work as a salesperson of ice creams and newspaper when he was eleven years old. He was soldier, swimming and kayak instructor, agricultural worker, technician in construction, technical designer, radio speaker and journalist during 26 years. He is painter, sculptor and author of several poetry books. He lives in Havana. He is author of Dirty trilogy of Havana, King of Havana, Tropical animal (winner of the Spanish Prize Alfonso Garcia-Ramos 2000), The insatiable spiderman, Dog meat (Italian prize Narrativa Sur del Mundo), Our GG in Havana and the short stories of Melancholy of lions.
Named as master of "dirty realism", Gutiérrez depicts life in the shady alleys of Havana with his unadorned style. Without taking any political stance, his books describe the modern time Cuba in an unembellished way.
External links
- http://www.pedrojuangutierrez.com/
Gutiérrez
Samuel Nina OrtizSamuel Nina Ortiz (b. 1947) is a Dominican writer, best known for his books Quién Pudiera Escribir (from 1991). He has also written El Ensayo de un Ensayista (from 1995) and two unpublised books — Fundamentos de Gramática Aplicada and Isagoge Al Estudio de la Lógica Simbólica.
Rosario CastellanosRosario Castellanos (25 May 1925 – 7 August 1974) was a Mexican poet and author. Along with the other members of the generation of 1950, she was one of Mexico's most important literary voices in the last century. Throughout her life, she wrote eloquently about issues of cultural and gender oppression, and her work has influenced feminist theory and cultural studies. Though she died young, she opened the door of Mexican literature to women, and left a legacy that still resonates today.
Life
Born in Mexico City, she was raised on the family ranch near Comitán in the southern state of Chiapas. She was an introverted young girl, who took notice of the plight of the indigenous Maya who worked for her family. According to her own account, she felt estranged from her family after a soothsayer predicted that one of her mother's two children would die shortly, and her mother screamed out, "Not the boy!"
The family's fortunes changed suddenly when President Lázaro Cárdenas enacted a land reform and peasant emancipation policy that stripped the family of much of its land holdings. At sixteen, Rosario Castellanos and her parents moved to Mexico City. One year later, her parents were dead and she was left to fend for herself.
Although she remained introverted, she joined a group of Mexican and Central American intellectuals, read extensively, and began to write. She studied philosophy and literature at the National University, where she would later teach, and joined the National Indigenous Institute, writing scripts for puppet shows that were staged in impoverished regions to promote literacy. Ironically, the Institute had been founded by President Cárdenas, who had taken away her family's land. She also wrote a weekly column for the newspaper Excélsior.
In addition to her literary work, Castellanos held several government posts. In recognition for her contribution to Mexican literature, Castellanos was appointed ambassador to Israel in 1971.
On 7 August 1974 Castellanos died in Tel Aviv from a freak electrical accident, when she tried to plug a lamp into a wall socket.
Work
Throughout her career, Castellanos wrote poetry, essays, one major play, and two novels: the semi-autobiographical Balún Canán and Oficio de tinieblas (translated into English as The Book of Lamentations) depicting a Tzotzil indigenous uprising in Chiapas based on one that had occurred in the 19th century. Despite being a ladino – of European, not indigenous descent – Castellanos shows considerable concern and understanding for the plight of indigenous peoples.
Selected bibliography
- Balún-Canán (1957)
- Poemas (1953-1955) (1957)
- Ciudad Real: Cuentos (1960)
- Oficio de tinieblas (1962)
- Album de familia (1971)
- Poesía no eres tú; Obra poética: 1948-1971 (1972)
- Mujer que sabe latín . . . (1973)
- El eterno femenino: Farsa (1973)
Castellanos, Rosario
Castellanos, Rosario
Castellanos, Rosario
Castellanos
Laura EsquivelLaura Esquivel is a Mexican author. Her novels include Like Water for Chocolate and Swift as Desire. Especially in Like Water for Chocolate, she uses magical realism to combine the ordinary and the supernatural.
The film adaptation of Like Water for Chocolate was directed by her husband, Alfonso Arau.
For the publication of her book Laura Esquivel won international acclaim. The movie, which was based on the book, awarded her with the Mexican Academy of Motion Pictures award; she received eleven in all, from Ariel awards.
She now lives in Mexico.
Esquivel, Laura
Carlos Fuentes
Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes Macías (born November 11, 1928) is one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish-speaking world. Fuentes has influenced contemporary Latin American literature, and his works have been widely translated into English and other languages.
Fuentes was born in Panama City; his parents were Mexican diplomats. In his childhood, he lived in Quito, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, Washington, Santiago and Buenos Aires. In his adolescence, he returned to Mexico, where he lived until 1965.
Following in the footsteps of his parents, he also became a diplomat in 1965 and served in London, Paris, and other capitals. He has also taught courses at Brown University, Princeton, Harvard, Columbia and Cambridge.
His 1960s novels, Aura (1962) and La muerte de Artemio Cruz (1962) are widely-acclaimed for using experimental modern narrative styles to explore issues of history, society and identity.
His 1985 novel Gringo viejo, the first American bestseller written by a Mexican author, was filmed as Old Gringo (1989) starring Gregory Peck and Jane Fonda.
Fuentes regularly contributes essays on politics and culture to the Spanish newspaper El País. He is a stern critic of what he sees as American cultural and economic imperialism, especially with regard to Latin America.
In 1999 he received the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor.
His son, Carlos Rafael Fuentes, died from complications associated with hemophilia in 1999 at the age of 25. His daughter, Natasha Fuentes, died at the age of 29 on 22 August 2005.
Selected works
- Los días enmascarados (1954)
- La región más transparente (Where the Air Is Clear) (1959)
- La muerte de Artemio Cruz (The Death of Artemio Cruz) (1962)
- La nueva novela hispanoamericana (1969)
- Zona sagrada (Holy Place) (1967)
- Cambio de piel (A Change of Skin) (1967)
- Cumpleaños (Birthday) (1969)
- El tuerto es rey (1971)
- Diana o la cazadora solitaria (Diana, The Goddess Who Hunts Alone) (1972)
- Terra Nostra (1975)
- Agua quemada (Burnt Water) (1981)
- Orquídeas a la luz de la luna (1982)
- Gringo viejo (The Old Gringo) (1985)
- Cristóbal Nonato (Christopher Unborn) (1987)
- Ceremonias del alba (1991)
- El naranjo (The Orange Tree) (1993)
- La frontera de cristal (The Glass Border, often erroneously translated as The Crystal Frontier) (1995)
- Los años con Laura Díaz (The Years with Laura Díaz) (1999)
- En esto creo (2002)
- Contra Bush (2004)
External links
-
- [http://wiredforbooks.org/carlosfuentes/ 1992 audio interview of Carlos Fuentes with Don Swaim of CBS Radio, RealAudio]
Fuentes, Carlos
Fuentes, Carlos
Fuentes, Carlos
Fuentes, Carlos
Fuentes, Carlos
simple:Carlos Fuentes
Elena Poniatowska
Elena Poniatowska (born May 19 1932 in Paris, France as Héléne Elizabeth Louise Amelie Paula Dolores Poniatowska Amor) is a Mexican journalist and author.
Poniatowska was born in Paris to Jean Evremont Poniatowski Sperry and Paula Amor. Her father was a Polish nobleman who was direct descendant of King Stanislaus II of Poland, the last king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Her mother was a Mexican citizen of mixed French ancestry.
Poniatowska fled France with her mother from World War II. The family settled in Mexico City. In 1949 Elena was sent to study to the United States. She returned to Mexico in 1953 and started her career as journalist working for the Mexican newspaper Excélsior.
She is best known for her 1971 work La noche de Tlatelolco (published in English as Massacre in Mexico), in which she relates her interviews with survivors and families of those who died in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City.
Notable works
- Lilus Kikus (1954)
- La noche de Tlatelolco (1971)
- Tinísima (1992)
- La Piel del Cielo (2001)
Awards
- Premio Xavier Villaurrutia (declined, 1971)
- Premio Nacional de Periodismo (1979)
- Premio Alfaguara de Novela (2001)
- Legion de Honor del Gobierno de Francia (2004)
External links
[http://www.mil-libros.com.mx/poniato1.htm An interview with Elena Poniatowska, Spanish only]
Poniatowska, Elena
Poniatowska, Elena
Poniatowska, Elena
Poniatowska, Elena
Poniatowska, Elena
Succession pour le trône britannique
La succession pour le trône britannique est régulée par l'Acte d'union de 1800, lequel renforce les règles inscrites par l'Acte de Settlement de 1701 et la . Selon ces règles, on donne toujours une préférence à l'enfant masculin aîné. On peut seulement entrer dans le ligne de succession si on est descendant de Sophia of Hanover, et les catholiques et ceux qui se marient avec un ou une catholique sont exclus de la ligne.
À present, le premier dans la ligne, et donc l'héritier du trône, est le Prince Charles, Prince du Pays de Galles, suivi par Prince William et Prince Harry.
catégorie:Royaume-Uni
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Internationale Sonneberger Jazztage
Internationale Sonneberger Jazztage ist die Bezeichnung für ein Festival der Jazz- und Gospel-Musik, das seit 1986 jährlich im November in Sonneberg stattfindet. Veranstalter dieses Musikereignisses ist der Verein "Sonneberger Jazzfreunde e.V.". Aus der Taufe gehoben wurde das Festival anlässlich des 15. Geburtstags der Sonneberger "Jazz Optimisten" am Filmen bezeichnet, die gewisse technische, formale, narrative und/oder inhaltliche Elemente teilen. Die eindeutige Zuordnung einzelner Filme ist demnach problematisch, zumal viele – vor allem neuere Filme – sich mehrerer Genres bedienen.
Definition
Dem Genre im Film steht das im Fernsehen gebräuchliche Sendeformat gegenüber, das nicht so sehr eine Gattung oder den inhaltlichen Aspekt eines Werkes hervohebt
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Robert Koldewey
Robert Johann Koldewey (
- 10. September 1855 in Blankenburg (Harz); † 4. Februar 1925 in Berlin) war Architekt und einer der bedeutendsten deutschen Archäologen. Er gilt, unter anderem zusammen mit
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Hervé This
Hervé This (
- 1955 in Suresnes (92)) ist ein französischer Physiko-Chemiker. Er forscht über die molekularen Grundlagen der Kochkunst und hat dafür den Begriff Molekulargastronomie geprägt. Seinen Doppelnamen This-Benckhard scheint er nur in den deutschen Ausgaben seiner Bücher zu verwenden.
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Hervé This-Benckhard
Hervé This (
- 1955 in Suresnes (92)) ist ein französischer Physiko-Chemiker. Er forscht über die molekularen Grundlagen der Kochkunst und hat dafür den Begriff Molekulargastronomie geprägt. Seinen Doppelnamen This-Benckhard scheint er nur in den deutschen Ausgaben seiner Bücher zu verwenden.
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MDCT
MDCT ist die Abkürzung für Modified Discrete Cosine Transformation (englisch für modifizierte Diskrete Kosinus Transformation).
Es handelt sich dabei um ein mathematisches Verfahren zur Umwandlung einer Wellenform in ihre Frequenzabfolgen, das bei verlustbehafteter Audiokompression Anwendung findet und den bzw. einen der velustbehafteten Teile des Codierprozesses darstellt. D
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Landkreis Nessau
Kategorie:Wikipedia:Qualitätssicherung
Die Diskussion über diesen Antrag findet auf der Qualitätssicherungsseite statt.
Hier der konkrete Grund, warum dieser Artikel auf den QS-Seiten eingetragen wurde: Der Artikel wurde wegen des Neutralität-Bausteins auf die QS-Seiten gestellt. Diskussionen über den Überarbeitungsstand des Artikels sollten auf der entsprechenden QS-Seite zwecks gemeinschaftlicher Üb
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Wolfgang Schnur
Wolfgang Schnur (
- 8. Juni 1944 in Stettin) ist ein deutscher Jurist. In der Wendezeit 1989 war Schnur aktiv in der Politik. Er war Mitbegründer und Vorsitzender der Partei Demokratischer Aufbruch.
Schnur wuchs als Waisenkind in Rostock auf. Nach einer Maur
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